Secondary metabolites, structure diagram: Trivial name – gliotoxin

Date: 26 November 2013

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Secondary metabolites, structure diagram: Trivial name – gliotoxin

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Species: A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. terreus, Eurotium chevalieri, Neosartorya pseudofischeriSystematic name: 10H-3,10a-Epidithiopyrazino[1,2-a]indole-1,4-dione, 2,3,5a,6-tetrahydro-6-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-, (3R,5aS,6S,10aR)-Molecular formulae: C13H14N2O4S2Molecular weight: 326.393Chemical abstracts number: 67-99-2Selected references: Larsen TO, Smedsgaard J, Nielsen KF, Hansen MA, Samson RA, Frisvad JC. Production of mycotoxins by Aspergillus lentulus and other medically important and closely related species in section Fumigati. Med Mycol. 2007 May;45(3):225-32. Belkacemi, L.; Barton, R. C.; Hopwood, V.; Evans, E. G. V. (CORPORATE SOURCE PHLS Mycology Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK). SOURCE Med. Mycol., 37(4), 227-233 (English) 1999 Blackwell Science Ltd. Lewis RE, Wiederhold NP, Lionakis MS, Prince RA, Kontoyiannis DP.J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Dec;43(12):6120-2. Frequency and species distribution of gliotoxin-producing Aspergillus isolates recovered from patients at a tertiary-care cancer center.Toxicity: Gliotoxin posseses a spectrum of biological activities including antibacterial and antiviral activities, and it is also a potent immunomodulating agent. Gliotoxin is also an inducer of apoptotic cell death in a number of cell types, and it has been found to be associated with some diseases attributed directly or indirectly to fungal infections. It is a secondary metabolite produced by a number of Aspergillus and Penicillium species.It is a potent immunosuppressive metabolite and brings about apoptosis in cells. Because of its effects on the immune system it may have a place in transplant surgery. There is limited evidence for its occurrence in moulded cereals. A. fumigatus is a potent pathogen which can colonise the lungs and other body tissues after ingestion of spores. There is some limited evidence that gliotoxin may be formed in situ in such circumstances. hamster LDLo oral 25mg/kg (25mg/kg) Veterinary and Human Toxicology. Vol. 32(Suppl), Pg. 63, 1990.mouse LD50 intraperitoneal 32mg/kg (32mg/kg) Chemotherapia. Vol. 10, Pg. 12, 1965. mouse LD50 intravenous 7800ug/kg (7.8mg/kg) Chemotherapia. Vol. 10, Pg. 12, 1965. mouse LD50 oral 67mg/kg (67mg/kg) Chemotherapia. Vol. 10, Pg. 12, 1965. mouse LD50 subcutaneous 25mg/kg (25mg/kg) Chemotherapia. Vol. 10, Pg. 12, 1965. rabbit LDLo intravenous 45mg/kg (45mg/kg) VASCULAR: BP LOWERING NOT CHARACTERIZED IN AUTONOMIC SECTION. GASTROINTESTINAL: HYPERMOTILITY, DIARRHEA Journal of the American Chemical Society. Vol. 65, Pg. 2005, 1943. rat LDLo intravenous 45mg/kg (45mg/kg) Veterinary and Human Toxicology. Vol. 32(Suppl), Pg. 63, 1990.rat LDLo unreported 50mg/kg (50mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX) Journal of the American Chemical Society. Vol. 65, Pg. 2005, 1943.

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Showing 10 posts of 2574 posts found.

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  • Bronchiectasis due to ABPA

    High resolution CT scan images with reconstruction of 1mm thick slices at approximately 10mm increments. The scan shows moderately severe multi-lobar cylindrical and varicose bronchiectasis predominantly centrally and in the upper lungs. There is no mucus plugging seen.

    The features are in keeping with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

    BMJune04344, BMscanjune04347, BMjune04348

  • Allergic aspergillosis

    Allergic aspergillosis

    mayer

  • pt.SB – 6/10/98 – bronchocentric granulomatosis. CT scan showing multiple small nodules of variable size in both lung fields, apparently close to the vascular bundles.

    pt.SB – 6/10/98 – bronchocentric granulomatosis. CT scan showing multiple small nodules of variable size in both lung fields, apparently close to the vascular bundles.

    dd2

  • dup

    abpab

  • dup

    abpae

  • Bronchial oedema.Remarkably oedematous bronchial mucosa, as seen in ABPA.

    Bronchial oedema.Remarkably oedematous bronchial mucosa, as seen in ABPA.

    abpa11

  • Longstanding allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

    An example of longstanding allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in a patient who has been steroid dependent for over 15 years showing remarkable kyphoscoliosis and honey combing and fibrosis of both lungs.

    ABPA pt HB

  • Normal bronchial anatomy.

    Normal bronchial anatomy.

    abpa10

  • Allergic aspergillosis

    Recurrent pulmonary shadows 1. 6 Jan 1988 – chest radiograph showing right hilar enlargement, consistent with ABPA.

    Recurrent pulmonary shadows 1. 3 Feb 1989 – chest radiograph showing right upper-lobe consolidation and contraction consistent with obstruction of RUL bronchus, in ABPA.

    Clearing of pulmonary shadows 3, pt BJ. 5 April 1989 – resolution of shadows seen in February, with a course of corticosteroids.

    Recurrence of pulmonary shadows 4, pt BJ. 2 September 1989 – recurrence of pulmonary shadows with an exacerbation of ABPA.

    Central bronchiectasis, pt BJ. CT scan of thorax October 1989 showing central bronchiectasis, characteristic of ABPA (and cystic fibrosis).

    Recurrent pulmonary shadows 1, pt BJ, Recurrent pulmonary shadows 2, pt BJ. , Clearing of pulmonary shadows 3, pt BJ., Recurrence of pulmonary shadows 4, pt BJ., Central bronchiectasis, pt BJ CT scan of thorax October 1989 showing central bronchiectasis, characteristic of ABPA (and cystic fibrosis).

  • Microscopy of sputum

    A typical example of a wet mount of a sputum sample from a patient with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.

    abpa1