Date: 26 November 2013
Secondary metabolites, structure diagram: Trivial name – Emodin/Archin/Emodol/Frandulic Acid
Copyright: n/a
Notes:
Species: A. aureus, A. sclerotiorum, A. terreus, A. wentiiSystematic name: 9,10-Anthracenedione, 1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methyl- (9CI)Molecular formulae: C15H10O5Molecular weight: 270.237Chemical abstracts number: 518-82-1Selected references: Kiriyama, Noriki; Nitta, Keiichi; Sakaguchi, Yoshiaki; Taguchi, Yasuhisa; Yamamoto, Yuzuru (Fac. Pharm. Sci., Kanazawa Univ., Kanazawa, Japan). Chem. Pharm. Bull., 25(10), 2593-601 (English) 1977.Toxicity: Mean lethal dose of emodin orally administered to 1-day-old DeKalb cockerels was 3.7 mg/kg.BACKGROUND: Emodin, a widely available herbal remedy, was evaluated for potential effects on pregnancy outcome. METHODS: Emodin was administered in feed to timed-mated Sprague-Dawley (CD) rats (0, 425, 850, and 1700 ppm; gestational day [GD] 6-20), and Swiss Albino (CD-1) mice (0, 600, 2500 or 6000 ppm; GD 6-17). Ingested dose was 0, 31, 57, and approximately 80-144 mg emodin/kg/day (rats) and 0, 94, 391, and 1005 mg emodin/kg/day (mice). Timed-mated animals (23-25/group) were monitored for body weight, feed/water consumption, and clinical signs. At termination (rats: GD 20; mice: GD 17), confirmed pregnant dams (21-25/group) were evaluated for clinical signs: body, liver, kidney, and gravid uterine weights, uterine contents, and number of corpora lutea. Fetuses were weighed, sexed, and examined for external, visceral, and skeletal malformations/variations. RESULTS: There were no maternal deaths. In rats, maternal body weight, weight gain during treatment, and corrected weight gain exhibited a decreasing trend. Maternal body weight gain during treatment was significantly reduced at the high dose. In mice, maternal body weight and weight gain was decreased at the high dose. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal mortality, live litter size, fetal sex ratio, and morphological development were unaffected in both rats and mice. At the high dose, rat average fetal body weight per litter was unaffected, but was significantly reduced in mice. The rat maternal lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) was 1700 ppm; the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 850 ppm. The rat developmental toxicity NOAEL was > or =1700 ppm. A LOAEL was not established. In mice, the maternal toxicity LOAEL was 6000 ppm and the NOAEL was 2500 ppm. The developmental toxicity LOAEL was 6000 ppm (reduced fetal body weight) and the NOAEL was 2500 ppm. Copyright 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus can produce aflatoxins are generally known as storage fungi, but they can also cause ear rots in the field. These species are observed as a gray-green, powdery molds and they can be detected in corn because they produce compounds that are fluorescent under black light.
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Histopathology of the jejenum showing necrosis and hyphae consistent with Aspergillus
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Further image details
Image A. Multiple small lesions at both ends of the cordae tendinae in this patient who died of disseminated aspergillosis. He was a previously well 70 year old man who developed pneumonia on holiday, required artificial ventilation and died with a rapidly progressive cavitating pneumonia. Autopsy showed disseminated aspergillosis.
Image B. Another lesion in pt DB, that histologically showed a mass of hyphae and fibrin.
Image C. Large destructive lesion on the mitral valve in patient DB.
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The patient was a 610 g twin male born by spontaneous normal vaginal delivery at 23 weeks and 4 days gestation. He was started on benzyl penicillin and gentamicin for sepsis. On day 3, he developed metabolic acidosis, hyponatremia, anemia, thrombocytopenia and jaundice and his antibiotics were changed to vancomycin, cefotaxime and fluconazole.
On day 10, multiple circular skin papules with white eschars were noted on his back (Figure A). A full septic screen was repeated including skin scraping and biopsy for urgent microscopy and culture. Microscopy of skin scrapes revealed fungal elements including hyphae and fruiting heads suggestive of Aspergillus spp (Figure B). Lipid amphotericin B was commenced and fluconazole was stopped. Skin scrapings on culture grew Aspergillus fumigatus. A diagnosis of primary cutaneous aspergillosis was made. The patient responded to oral posaconazole 6mg/kg/8 hourly. All lesions disappeared after 44 days and he continued with posaconazole until day 60.
Published case at Langan et al Pediatr Dermatol 2010 Jul-Aug 27 (4) 403-4
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