Lecture Overview
In this lecture, Dr. Hooper introduces us to the fascinating world of human gut microbiota; the microorganisms that live within our bodies. Although we may think that most bacteria are harmful, Hooper provides ample evidence that symbiotic gut microbes are important to good human health. Her lab is interested in understanding how the gut microbiota changes during illness or disease and how it influences our ability to fight infections. Using germ-free mice, they were able to demonstrate that a healthy gut microbiota can shape development of the host immune system and provide protection against dangerous infections like salmonella.
In the second part of her talk, Hooper explains how the balance of organisms in the gut microbiota is maintained. By comparing DNA microarray data from normal mice and germ-free mice, Hooper’s lab was able to look for genes induced by the gut microbiota. They identified RegIIIγ, an important protein involved in the protection against pathogenic bacteria. They showed that RegIIIγ forms pore complexes in the membranes of gram-positive bacteria and kills them. In mice and humans, the intestinal epithelium is coated with a layer of mucus. Typically, there is a gap between gut bacteria, which are found in the outer part of the mucus layer, and the epithelial cells. Hooper’s lab showed that RegIIIγ helps to maintain this gap by preventing gram-positive bacteria from colonizing the intestinal epithelial surface. This, in turn, prevents infection of the host.
Speaker Bio
Although she always was interested in science, Lora Hooper’s love for biology started after taking an introductory class at Rhodes College in Memphis, TN where she was an undergraduate. Hooper continued her graduate education in the Molecular Cell Biology and Biochemistry Program at Washington University in St. Louis where she joined Jacques Baenziger’s lab. For postdoctoral training, she stayed at Washington University, in the lab of Jeffrey Gordon, where she began her studies of the interaction between gut bacteria and host cells and discovered that bacteria have the capacity to modify carbohydrates important for cell signaling.
Currently, Hooper is a Professor of Immunology at The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator. She has established one of the handful of mouse facilities that have the capacity to breed germ-free mice. Using these mice, her lab explores the symbiotic relationship between a host and its microbiota with the aim of providing insight into human health.
Hooper was a recipient of the Edith and Peter O’Donnell Awards in 2013 and in 2015 she was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
Learn more about Lora Hooper at http://hooperlab.org/ and http://www.hhmi.org/scientists/lora-v-hooper
http://www.ibiology.org/ibioseminars/mammals-symbiotic-gut-microbes-part-1-lora-hooper.html
Medical and Patient education videos
-
Title
Description
-
Woodrow Maitland tells of his personal experience of having aspergillosis. Like most people he had never heard of aspergillosis when he was finally diagnosed and treated at the National Aspergillosis Centre, Manchester, UK
-
A series of nasal endoscopies – before during and after surgery. Surgical endoscopy by Raphaella Migliavacca. A patient 12 years old with AML undergoes remission following chemotherapy (2 rounds), admitted several months later with high fever and neutropenia. Patient undergoes regime of antifungal therapy including fluconazole, AmpB and voriconazole. (see full case as powerpoint slides presented In Brazil In FocusVII Aug 2009 Raphaella Migliavacca.). Nasal endoscopy was performed both pre-operatively and surgery removed a fungal ball. Biopsy revealed suppurative acute inflammatory findings (middle turbinate) and angioinvasive fungal structures consistent with aspergillosis. Cultures revealed Aspergillus flavus. Eight weeks later another endoscopy post surgery revealed marked improvement and reduced inflammation. The patient was given 12 weeks voriconazole followinf the surgery, followed by 3rd chemotherapy. The patient had recovered and was in complete remission 4 months after the surgical endoscopy.
-
Pre-operative endoscopy by Raphaella Migliavacca.
-
Produced by David Denning and described by Dr Rob Bissett. With kind permission of Gardiner-Caldwell, funded by Janssen-Cilag. Copyright Aspergillus Website.
-
This patient had a small hole in the bone at the base of the skull. He underwent endoscopy through the nose which shows the defect in the skull through which the brain is visible (pulsating). Kindly provided by Hesham Saleh, Consultant Rhinologist, Charing Cross and Royal Brompton Hospital .
-
The Aspergillus Website maintains a collection of clinical videos published on Youtube. Click on the listing at the top to access all videos.
-
Kindly provided by Hesham Saleh, Consultant Rhinologist, Charing Cross and Royal Brompton Hospital
-
Removing fungal growth from the maxillary sinus via the use of an endoscope.
-
This video shows the removal of the fungal ball through the left nasal passage
-
Produced by Dr Mark Jones and David Denning. Copyright Aspergillus Website.
